Supreme Court Judgments

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Supreme Court of Canada

Quebec Central Railway Company v. Lortie, (1893) 22 SCR 336

Date: 1893-06-24

Railway accident to passenger—Train longer than platform—Damages— Negligence,

L. was the holder of a ticket and passenger of the company's train from Levis to Ste Marie Beauce. When the train arrived at Ste. Marie station the car upon which L. had been travelling was some distance from the station platform, the train being longer than the platform, and L. fearing that the car would not be brought up to the station, the time for stopping having nearly elapsed, g ot out of the end of the car and the distance to the ground from the steps being about two feet and a half, in so doing he fell and broke his leg which had to be amputated.

The action was for $5,000 damages alleging negligence and want of proper accommodation. The defence was contributory negligence. Upon the evidence the Superior Court, whose judgment was affirmed by the Court of Queen's Bench, gave judgment in favour of L for the whole amount

On appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada:

Held, reversing the judgments of the courts below, that in the exercise of ordinary care E. could have safely gained the platform by passing through the car forward and that the accident was wholly attributable to his own default in alighting as he did and therefore he could not recover. Fournier J. dissenting.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Court of Queen's Bench for Lower Canada (appeal side), confirming the judgment of the Superior Court.

This was an action for $5,000 damages for loss of a leg through the alleged negligence of the Company (appellant.) By his declaration the respondent (plaintiff)

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alleged that on the 13th May, 1891, he was a passenger by appellants' express train from Levis to Ste. Marie de la Beauce.

That on arriving at Ste. Marie the train was stopped in front of the station in such a manner that the locomotive was in front of the platform and the passenger cars, including that in which the plaintiff was riding, were left a distance from the platform and that no stool was furnished to assist the passengers in disembarking.

That the distance between the lowest step of the car and the ground was very considerable; that plaintiff was obliged to get down at that place, and treading on a round stone broke his leg in. such a manner as to necessitate amputation, and claimed 55,000 damages.

Appellants filed two pleas:

1st. An express denial of the allegations of plaintiff's declaration.

2nd. That if plaintiff met with an accident and suffered any damage, it was attributable entirely to his own negligence and fault and not to any negligence or fault on the part of the appellants or train employees.

That proper accommodation, suitable to the requirements of the place is furnished at Ste. Marie to enable people to embark on and disembark from the trains.

That if plaintiff chose to alight from the rear end of the car on to the street which there crosses the railway he did so at his own risk.

That if plaintiff had passed through the car he could have alighted on the platform as other passengers did, but, in broad daylight he chose to step down into the street, and the injury he sustained in so doing is entirely attributable to his own negligence.

The Superior Court, upon the evidence, found as a matter of fact, that the company had stopped the car upon which the respondent was riding at some distance

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from the platform of the station and had allowed passengers and the respondent to alight in a dangerous place, and that the company was thereby guilty of negligence and liable. This judgment was affirmed unanimously by the Court of Queen's Bench.

The facts brought out in the evidence upon which the appellant company relied as proving that the accident was attributable to the respondent's own fault are the following:—

The platform at the village of Ste. Marie not being so long as the train on the day of the accident, part of the baggage car, the whole of the second-clsss car, and nearly the whole of the first-class Q. C. R. car were alongside the platform when the train stopped.

The front end of the Boston and Maine car and the rear end of the first-class Q. C R. car were on a street crossing and within five or six feet of the station platform.

Respondent and one Vallerand, a resident of Ste. Marie, and well acquainted with the locality, were riding in the B. & M. car without objection from the conductor, who, however, did pass some passengers (ladies) into the car forward.

Respondent was told by this witness Bois that this car was a through car going to Boston and that his place was in the next car.

When the train stopped respondent crossed over from the platform of the B. & M. car to the rear platform of the Q. C. R. car, and there alighted a distance of about two feet, seven inches from the ground having in one hand an overcoat and a "portmanteau" or valise, and so jumping and falling on a round stone broke his leg.

A. J. Brown Q.C. for appellant.

The carrier of passengers is only liable for his negligence. He is not an insurer of the safety of his passengers,

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nor responsible for injuries suffered by them from any cause other than the negligence or fault of himself or of persons employed by him. Daniel v. Merropolitan R. Co. ([1]); Readhead v. Midland R. Co. ([2]); Sherman and Redfield on Negligence ([3]); Grofts v. Waterhouse ([4]) quoted by Chief Justice Ritchie in The Queen v. McLeod ([5]).

The passengers themselves must exercise reasonable care.

In this case, if the place of disembarking was dangerous for the plaintiff he should not have attempted it. He was not obliged to get off at that place, and no official of the company invited him to do so.

It is however, quite manifest that there could be no danger in a man of plantiff's age stepping down a distance of two feet seven inches, if he exercised ordinary care.

None of the cases relied on by respondent bear any resemblance to the present. But see Siner et al v. The Great Western Railway Go. ([6]) Cockle v. The London & South-eastern Railway Go. ([7]) Rose v. North-eastern Railway Go. ([8]); Eckerd v. Chicago & North-western Railway Go. (Iowa) ([9]).

Moreovérunder the French law when the proximate and sole cause of the accident was the respondent's own negligence he cannot recover.

" Quad quis ex culpa sua damnum sentit, non intelligitur damnum sentiré"

See Sourdat ([10]).

In this sense is the "judgment in Recullet v. Chemin du Nord ([11]).

The learned counsel also relied on Moffette v. Grand

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Trunk Railway Co. ([12]); Periam v. Dompierre ([13]); Allan v. Mullin ([14]) " Charbonneau v. The Corporation of St. Martin ([15]); Ware v. Carsley ([16]); Allan v. La Cie d' Assurance Marine des Marchands du Canada ([17]); Main-ville V. Hutchins ([18]); Central Vermont Ry. Go. v. Lareau ([19]); Desroches v. Gauthier ([20]); Gray v. Mayor &c. of Quebec ([21]); Richelieu and Ontario N. Co.v. Desloes ([22]).

If there were any negligence or fault, on the part of the company, it was not the proximate cause of the accident; and even if we admit, for the sake of argument merely, that it was one of the causes of the accident yet there was contributory negligence such as to either defeat recovery or reduce the damages.

J. E. Lavery for respondent.

As to whether respondent should have gone through the first class Quebec Central Car and alighted from the south end of same on to the platform, it is proved that the express train stops but a few minutes at Ste. Marie station, that a good many passengers get off and. on the cars there, that the trains only stop for a very short time, that if people start to go from one car to another so as to get off on the platform, they are exposed to be carried on past the station. Vallerand, who spends the summer season at Ste. Marie, swears that for the last twelve or thirteen years, he was obliged more than twenty-five times to get off where respondent alighted for fear of being carried beyond his destination.

On this point I will cite Robson v. The North-eastern Railway Go. ([23]) Rose v. The North-eastern Railway Co. ([24]).

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The obligation of common carriers seems to be stricter in the French, law than the English law for not only are they, according" to the former, obliged to carry the holder of a ticket to his destination, but they aire insurers of his safety.

Article 1675 of the civil code which comes under the heading "carriers s is as follows: " They (carriers) are liable for the loss or damage of things entrusted to them unless they can prove that such loss or damage was caused by a fortuitous event or irresistible force or has arisen from a defect in the thing itself."

The authors are unanimous in declaring that this article applies to the carrying of persons as well as thing's.

Troplong Louage, ([25]); Sourdat, Responsabilité, ([26]); Curasson, Compétence des Juges de Paix, ([27]); Alauzet, Commentaire du code de commerce, ([28]); Duvergier, Louage d'ouvrage, ([29]); Dalloz, Repertoire, Vo. "Commissionnaire," ([30]); Wood v. South-eastern Ry. Co., ([31]); Borlase v. St. Lawrence Steam Nay. Co. ([32]); Boulanger v. G.T.R. Co., ([33]); Boulanger v. G.T.R Co., ([34]); Chalifoux v. C.P.R. Co., ([35]).

This last case was reversed by the Supreme Court, ([36]) but only on the ground, as far as can be judged from the short report, that the breaking of the rail was a fortuitous event caused by climatic influences.

If, as we contend, the carrier here was an insurer of the safety of the passenger he was bound to carry him safely and to see him landed safely in a place where

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there was no danger of an injury. Any negligence on the part of the appellants would render them liable for the injury.

Foy v. The London Brighton and South Coast Railway Co., ([37]); and Gee v. Metropolitan Railway Co., ([38]).

THE CHIEF JUSTICE was of opinion to allow the appeal.

FOURNIER J. La seule question dans cette cause comme dans celle de Chalifoux v. La Compagnie du Pacifique Canadien ([39]), est an sujet de l'étendue de la responsabilité des voituriers qui font traffic de transport des personnes. Les principes qui doivent définir, cette responsabilité sont ceux du droit français et particulier rement du Code Civil de la province de Québec, dans laquelle l'accident dont il s'agit est arrivé. Cependant, dans la cause de Chalifoux, la majorité de cette Cour s'appuyant sur le droit anglais et la décision des tribunaux anglais a décidé qu'il était nécessaire de prouver la négligence pour rende le le voiturier responsable, tandis que d'après notre droit, art. 1675 C. C , il est responsable à moins qu'il ne prouve que l'accident est arrivé par cas fortuit on force majeure.

La preuve de la négligence est requise dans le cas de l'art. 1053 mais ici il s'agit de l'art. 1673 concernant les voituriers et cette preuve n'est pas nécessaire.

L'intimé était passager dans le train rapide allant de Québec à Boston. Des que le train fut arrêté à la station de Ste-Marie Beauce il se rendit sur la plate-forme à l'extrémité du char dans lequel il avait pris place pour descendre. Ce char se trouvait en deçà du quai de la gare. L'intimé en sautant du marchepied (une hauteur de 21/2 à 3 pieds) se. cassa la jambe et dut se la faire amputer quelques jours après l'accident.

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L'Honorable Juge en Chef, Sir Alexandre Lacoste, a décidé cette canse sur le principe que les règles concernant le transport des marchandises par los voituriers, s'appliquent mulatis mutandis au transport des voyageurs.

C'est aussi sur ce principe que la Cour du Banc de la Reine avait décidé la cause de Chalifoux v Le Pacifique Canadien ([40]). En France on appliue au transport des personnes, aussi bien qu'au transport des marchandises, la responsabilité établie contre les voituriers par l'art. 1784 C N. Un arrêt de la Cour Imp. de Paris de 27 novembre 1866 in ré Compagnie du nord dit à ce sujet: "L'article 1784, qui les rena responsables de l'avarie ou de la perte des objets qu'elles transportent à moins qu'ellss ne prouvent le cas fortuit et la force majeure, s'applique a fortiori au transport des personnes. La protection due à celles-ci ne peut être moindre que celle que l'on accorde aux marchandises. C'est cc que décide avec raison, un arrêt de la Cour de Paris le 27 novembre 1866 (Droit du ler décembre 1866).

Le premier considérant de cet arrêt est ainsi conçu

Considérant que le voiturier répond de l'avarie des choses à lui confiées, à moins qu'il ne prouve qu'elles ort été avariées par un cas fortuit ou force majeure.

Sir Alexandre Lacoste avait donc raison de dire que les règles concernant le transport des marchandises parles voituriers s'appliquent au transport des voyageurs.

On doit en dire autant au sujet de l'art. 1675 de notre code qui est presque textuellement le même que l'art 1784 C.N Mais ceci est rendu "plus évident par l'art 1673, qui applique toute la sec. III des voituriers an transport des personnes, aussi bien qu'au transport des marchandises. Cet article dit (les voituriers) sont tenus de recevoir et transporter aux temps marqués dans les avis publics toute personne qui demande passage, si le transport des voyageurs fait partie de leur trafic

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accoutumé; et tous effets qu'on leur offre à transporter; à moins que dans l'un ou l'autre cas il n'y ait cause raisonnable et probable de refus.

Le trafic de transport des passagers fait aussi bien partie du trafic de l'appelante que le transport des marchandises.

Dans la cause ci-dessus citée, Cotelle, Législation des chemins de fer ([41]) fait les observations suivantes sur ce jugement:

En. principe, suivant elle, le voiturier répond de lavarie des choses à lui confiées, à moins qu'il ne prouve qu'elles out été avariées par cas fortuit ou force majeure. Ce principe s'applique à plus forte raison au transport des personnes et protège la sécurité des voyageurs. Mais, c'est à la compagnie qu'incombe i'obligation de prouver les faits qui la déchargeraient de sa responsabilité.

L'accident, ainsi qu'il est dit plus haut est arrivé parce que le train dans lequel se trouvait l'ntimé étant beaucoup plus long que la plate-forme de la station, le char dans lequel il était, ne put aborder la plate-forme pour v faire descendre ses passagers. Le train étant un express qui n'arrête que quelques instants, les passagers de crainte d'être emmenés à une autre station se précipitent tous aux extrémités du char et souvent s'aperçoivent que le char n'est pas vis-à-vis du quai. il leur faut rebrousser chemin ou aller plus loin contre le courant des passagers ou bien sauter du marchepied. Ce mode n'est pas sans inconvénient mais la compagnie ne peut pas leur reprocher un risque qu'ils out couru pour ne pas être emmenés à la station prochaine, chaque marchepied est pour le voyageur, une invitation à descendre et l'arrêt est généralement trop court pour qu'il refuse la première chance qui lui est

il est prouvé qu'il y a toujours beaucoup de voyageurs à cette station; il y aussi preuve que plusieurs

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ont été entraînés aux stations voisines parce que le temps d'arrêt est trop court. L'intimé qui voyageait pour affaire craignant ce résultat, sauta du marchepied à une hauteur de 21/2 à 3 pieds de la dernière marche, mais malheureusement à quelque pieds de la se trouvait une grosse pierre dont la forme était ovale sur laquelle il mit le pied, tomba et se cassa la jambe. L'intime n'est pas le seul qui a pris cette direction pour sortir du char. Le témoin Vallerand dit que piusieurs passagers les out suivis, et entre autres une Dlle Noonan, qu'il a descendue dans ses bras parée qu'elle ne voulait pas sauter li ajoute, elle aussi aurait pu traverser l'autre char mais elle trouvait le voyage trop long.

il est aussi prouvé que la plate-forme est trop petite, qu'ii y a beaucoup de voyageurs à cette station et que la compagnie a un terrain qui lui permet de i’ agrandir facilement. Elle est coupable de négligence en ne faisant pas cette amélioration Si nécessaire.

Les observations suivantes de Sir Alexandre Lacoste au sujet du soin que dolt apporter le voiturier pour protéger ses passagers sont parfaitement correctes.

Le voiturier est tenu d'user de la, plus grande vigilance pour protéger ses passagers, contre les périls du voyage, tandis qu'il ne peut exiger d'eux que la prudence ordinaire. Si, par sa négligence, il soumet un voyageur a quelqu'inconvénient, il doit s'attendce que celui-ii prendra les moyens que sa discrétion lui suggérera pour se tirer d'embarras et pour cela il encourra même un certain risque sil le faut et le voiturier sera responsable de l'accident qui surviendra, a moins qu'il ne prouve que le voyageur a agi avec une imprudence inexcusable

Toute compagnie de chemin de fer est tenue de procurer à ses voyageurs un débarcadère convenable. S'il n'y a pas de quai, elle doit pourvoir à un autre moyen facile de descente et indiquer aux voyageurs ou ils devront débarquer, si les chars dépassent le quai.

D'ancrés le droit français la responsabilité de la compagnie ne paraît pas douteuse, car l'imprudence même du voyageur n'excuse pas les torts du conducteur. Dalloz, Vo. Responsabilité no 510.

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Par tous ces motifs et pour les raisons données par Sir Alexandre Lacoste, C.J., je suis d'avis que le jugement doit être confirmé

TASCHEREAU J.—I would allow the appeal

GWYNNE J.—The case is in my opinion free from all doubt. I cannot see anything which can be pronounced to be negligence of the company. The accident is attributable wholly to the plaintiff's own default in alighting as he did. Every man travelling by rail in this country must have known that it was not the way he should have alighted or by which there was any necessity for his so alighting or was ever intended that he should alight.

SEDGEWICK J. was also of opinion to allow the appeal.

Appeal allowed with costs.

Solicitors for appellant : Brown & Morris.

Solicitors for respondent : Casgrain, Angers & Lavery.



[1] L.R 5 HL 45

[2] L.R. 4 Q.B. 379.

[3] 4 ed. sec. 494.

[4] 3 Bing. 319.

[5] 8 Can. S.C.R. 21.

[6] L.R 3 Ex 150 LR. 4 Ex. 117.

[7] L.R. 7 C.P. 321.

[8] 2 Ex. D. 248.

[9] 70 Iowa 353.

[10] Vol. 2 no. 660.

[11] SV 85-1-129

[12] 16 L.C.R. 231.

[13] 1 L.N. 5.

[14] 4 L.N. 387.

[15] 16 L.C.R. 143.

[16] 5 R.L. 238.

[17] 18 R.L. 481.

[18] 31 L. C. J. 58.

[19] M. L. R. 2 Q. B. 258.

[20] 3 Dor. Q. B. 25.

[21] Ramsay's App. Cas. p. 49.

[22] 19 R.L. 81.

[23] L. R. 10 Q. B. 271.

[24] 2 Ex. D. 248.

[25] Nos. 904, 905, 906.

[26] Nos. 976, 977.

[27] Vol. l,no. 228.

[28] Vol. 1 no. 464 et seq.

[29] Vol. 4 no. 317

[30] Nos. 299, 301, 338, 409, 414.

[31] 13 R.L. 567.

[32] 3 Q.L.R. 329.

[33] 11 Q.L.R. 254.

[34] Cassels's Dig. 2 ed. p. 733.

[35] M.L.R. 2 SC 171 MLR. 3 Q.B. 324.

[36] Cassels' Dig. 2 ed. 749.

[37] 18 C.B. N.S. 225.

[38] L.R. 8 Q.B. 161.

[39] Cassle's Dig. 749.

[40] M.L.R. 3 Q.B. 324.

[41] T. 2, p. 136, 203.

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