Supreme Court of Canada
S.S. Richelieu v. Cie Navigation Saguenay et Lac St. Jean, [1945] S.C.R. 659
Date: 1945-06-20
S.S. Richelieu and Her Owners (Defendants) Appellants:
and
La Cie De Navigation Saguenay Et Lac St-Jean Limitée and Others (Plaintiffs) Respondents.
1945: May 14, 15 16; 1945: June 20.
Present: Rinfret C.J. and Kerwin, Hudson, Taschereau and Rand JJ.
ON APPEAL FROM THE EXCHEQUER COURT OF CANADA, QUEBEC ADMIRALTY DISTRICT
Shipping—Collision—Ship channel divided in two branches—One ship going up and the other down stream—Whether one or both ships at fault—Confusion created by successive blasts given by both—Required signals to be given from a sufficient distance and within a sufficient time to allow ships to proceed safely—Danger arising from misunderstood signals—Absence of proper look-out.
The action brought by the respondents, owners of the S.S. Roberval, her master and members of the crew and owners of her cargo on board, and the counter-claim by the appellants, the S.S. Richelieu and her owners, arose out of a collision between the two ships in the river St. Lawrence, near Three Rivers. In the vicinity of that city, the regular ship channel divides into two branches, one practically parallel to the other. The Roberval was proceeding down stream and was following the north branch, while the Richelieu was coming upstream, below a buoy in the ship channel east of the junction of the two branches. The Richelieu intended to proceed by the south branch and, seeing the Roberval, gave two short blasts of its whistle to indicate that it was directing its course to port, and in fact ported. Those on the Roberval say that they heard only one blast, which would indicate that the Richelieu was directing its course to starboard. Those on the Richelieu, not hearing any immediate answer from the Roberval, stopped their engines. Immediately thereafter,
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the Roberval answered with one blast and thereupon the Richelieu's engines were ordered full speed astern and three blasts of its whistle were given. The collision occurred almost immediately: the stem of the Richelieu came in contact with the port side of the Roberval, the Richelieu being practically stopped at the time of the impact. The trial judge, holding that the Richelieu alone was to blame for the collision, maintained the action and dismissed the counter-claim.
Held, per The Chief Justice and Hudson and Taschereau JJ that, according to the facts of the case, both ships were to blame, that the responsibility should thus be apportioned and that the judgment appealed from should be modified accordingly. Kerwin and Rand JJ. were of the opinion that the respondents, action ought to be dismissed in toto and the counter-claim allowed.
Per the Chief Justice and Hudson and Taschereau JJ.—When two ships are about to meet, the required signals have to be given from a sufficient distance and within a sufficient time to allow the respective crews to take the necessary steps to avoid any peril which may arise as the result of misunderstood signals. The Richelieu was late in signalling her intention as to which channel she would follow, and, under similar circumstances, ordinary prudent seamen would not have waited as long as she did to indicate the route she was to follow. At the time of the first blast given by the Richelieu, the distance between the two ships, half a mile, was too short, the blasts were given too late and the officers of the crews did not have the necessary time to avoid the peril created by the emergency resulting from the misunderstanding. The errors of the Roberval, in trying to pass port and her failure to stop her engines in proper time when the danger was imminent, contributed to two-thirds of the accident, and the Richelieu should bear one-third of the responsibility for her delay in giving the necessary signals.
Per Kerwin and Rand JJ.—The Richelieu has acted properly at all times. The signals given by her were proper because the ship was taking a course "authorized by the Rules," and they were not given too late; she also acted properly, and not too late, in stopping its engines when hearing no reply to its signal and then in reversing its engines when it did hear the one blast from the Roberval. The cause of the collision was the absence of a proper lookout by those on the Roberval. If they had kept a proper lookout, they would have heard the Richelieu's two blasts, and, even then, the collision might have been avoided if the Captain of the Roberval, seeing what the Richelieu was actually doing, had altered his course to port and had slowed his engines.
APPEAL from the judgment of the Exchequer Court of Canada, Quebec Admiralty District, Cannon, J., maintaining the respondents' action and dismissing the appellants' counter-claim, arising out of a collision between the S.S. Richelieu and the S.S. Roberval owned by the respondent company.
R. C. Holden K.C. for the appellants.
A. Pouliot K.C. and William Morin K.C. for the respondents.
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The judgment of the Chief Justice and of Hudson and Taschereau JJ. was delivered by
Taschereau J.—On the 29th of August, 1942, the S.S. Roberval, owned by La Cie de Navigation Saguenay et Lac St-Jean Ltée, and the S.S. Richelieu, property of the Canada Steamship Lines Ltd., collided opposite the city of Three Rivers, in the St. Lawrence river, and as a result of this collision the S.S. Roberval sank.
In the Admiralty Court, Mr. Justice Lucien Cannon found that the S.S. Richelieu was to blame for this accident and he therefore maintained the action of the S.S. Roberval, and of the other plaintiffs and dismissed the counter-claim of the S.S. Richelieu with costs.
The evidence adduced by both parties is contradictory, and there are very few points on which the respective crews of the two ships agree. However, there are certain facts which cannot be challenged, and which may help to determine to whom shall attach the responsibility for this collision.
The S.S. Roberval which was on her regular voyage between Montreal and Chicoutimi, via Quebec city, was a small ship having a gross tonnage of 348·20, and a registered tonnage of 184·16. Her normal speed was approximately seven knots per hour through the water. On the relevant date, a few minutes after 11 p.m., the S.S. Roberval was steaming down the north channel opposite the city of Three Rivers following the St. Maurice course, steering on the lights of the Three Rivers Range astern of her. This north channel is practically parallel to the south channel, and both join in the vicinity of black gas buoy 49-C.
The S.S. Richelieu was proceeding up the main channel at fourteen knots an hour, on the Cap de la Madeleine upper course, steering on the lights of the Cap de la Madeleine lower Range, and she was returning from her weekly cruise to the Saguenay river.
At that time, the weather was clear and calm, with a light breeze blowing from the northeast, and the current was running down the channel at a speed of approximately two knots per hour. When the two ships, which were properly manned and equipped, reached a point 600 feet west of buoy 49-C, where both channels meet,
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the stem of S.S. Richelieu came in contact with the port side of the S.S. Roberval abreast of her bridge, with the result already indicated.
Were it not for the confusion created by the successive blasts given by both ships, this collision would have easily been avoided. The S.S. Roberval could have met the S.S. Richelieu starboard to starboard, and could have continued her course on the lights of the Cap de la Madeleine lower Range.
The appellant company owns a number of ships that make regular voyages on the St. Lawrence River. Those which carry the passenger and freight services, between Quebec and Montreal and vice versa, stop at Three Rivers, and it is therefore necessary for them to use the north channel; while the S.S. Richelieu which makes a weekly cruise to the Saguenay river, does not stop at Three Rivers, and passes through the south channel.
On the night in question, it was the intention of the Captain of the S.S. Richelieu to follow this latter course, but the S.S. Roberval was not and could not be aware of this fact. It rested therefore upon the S.S. Richelieu to signal with two short blasts that she would proceed on the south channel, to meet starboard to starboard, leaving the channel wide open for the S.S. Roberval.
All the members of the crew of the S.S. Richelieu who were heard as witnesses, testified that this was done, and that less than thirty seconds after having given this two blast signal, the order was given to stop the engines in view of the S.S. Roberval's failure to give an answer. A few seconds later—and on this point the officers of the S.S. Richelieu are also in agreement—a one blast signal was heard coming from the S.S. Roberval, indicating that she would meet port to port instead of starboard to starboard, as requested by the S.S. Richelieu. In view of this confusion of signals, the S.S. Richelieu gave a three blast signal, and at the same moment an order was given to put her engines astern. She was practically stopped at the time of the impact, one minute later.
With this version of the facts as related by the crew of the S.S. Richelieu, the Captain and others on board the S.S. Roberval entirely disagree. It is their contention that
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the first signal given by the S.S. Richelieu, was a one short blast, and this one blast signal meant that they were to meet port to port. In order to do so, and pursuant to the agreement, the S.S. Roberval had to proceed in a straight line, directing her course approximately in the direction of buoy 49-C, and even more to the south, in order to pass in front of the S.S. Richelieu and meet port to port. Some members of the crew of the S.S. Roberval also contend that the second signal given by the S.S. Richelieu was not, as stated, a three blast signal, but a two short blast signal.
It is indeed quite extraordinary that such a discrepancy in the evidence should occur and that we should be confronted with these wide divergencies of opinions. The learned trial judge, however, has found as a fact that the S.S. Richelieu gave a first two blast signal, and that after receiving a one blast signal from the S.S. Roberval, put her engines astern. These divers opinions expressed by the respective members of the crew, have not been explained, although many hypotheses have been suggested. It has been said that the whistle of the S.S. Richelieu was not functioning properly, that a sufficient time did not elapse between the two blasts, or that' due to some peculiar atmospheric conditions, some of the blasts of the S.S. Richelieu were inaudible. But these suggestions seem to be mere conjectures and no evidence has been adduced to substantiate any of them.
We are left with the mere fact that the S.S. Richelieu gave originally the proper two blast signal, and that she conveyed her intention to proceed as she usually does through the south channel. Unfortunately, these blasts were picked up differently by the S.S. Roberval, but for this unfortunate happening, the S.S. Richelieu cannot be blamed. It was her duty, because she had the choice of two different channels, to indicate which one she would follow, and this she did by giving the proper signal and by inclining to port simultaneously. This last move was noticed by the officers in the wheelhouse of the S.S. Roberval, and this fact should have given rise to the suspicion that they had misunderstood the signal. When the counter-signal was given by the S.S. Roberval, the S.S. Richelieu reversed her engines, which were then stopped, but then the accident could not be avoided.
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I believe that the S.S. Roberval cannot escape her share of responsibility. Her officers saw the S.S. Richelieu going slightly to port after the first signal, but nevertheless insisted in directing their ship to starboard, in the direct path of the on-coming S.S. Richelieu, at full speed, stopping the engines only at the moment of the impact. The S.S. Roberval realized or should have realized that there was no agreement between the two ships, and she should have stopped her engines long before she did. For this failure to follow the rules of the sea and of good seamanship, she must bear her share of the responsibility.
But the S.S. Richelieu cannot be absolved of all blame for this accident. It seems reasonably clear that she was late in signalling her intention as to which channel she would follow. Under similar circumstances, I believe that ordinary prudent seamen would not have waited as long as she did to indicate the route that she was to follow. When two ships are about to meet, the required signals have to be given from a sufficient distance and within a sufficient time to allow the respective crews to take the necessary steps to avoid any peril which may arise as the result of misunderstood signals.
In the present case, and it is also a finding of the trial judge, the S.S. Richelieu did not signal in due time, and in order to reach such a conclusion, I base my judgment not only on the evidence of the members of the respective crews who have appreciated the distance between the two ships when the first blast was given, but also on the time that elapsed between the first signal and the moment of the impact.
Although Captain Gagnon of the S.S. Roberval says that the distance between both ships at the time of the first blast was approximately one mile, Frégeau, master on board the same ship, says that it was 1,000 feet. Bernier, second officer of the S.S. Richelieu, says that it was approximately 3,000 feet. R. Gagné, pilot on board the S.S. Richelieu, believes that the distance was 3,000 to 4,000 feet, and R. Savard, the assistant-pilot of the S.S. Richelieu, testifies that 2,000 feet only, separated the two ships.
I think that one is justified in saying that the two ships were about half a mile away when the first blast was given.
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This fact is corroborated by the evidence of the officers of the S.S. Richelieu who testified in a very precise way, that the mishap occurred less than one minute and a half after the first blast. They all agree that thirty seconds after the original signal was given, the engines of the S.S. Richelieu were stopped and put full astern, and that one minute later the collision happened.
During that time, taking into account the speed at which the S.S. Richelieu was proceeding, she covered 1,400 feet, and the S.S. Roberval coming in the opposite direction covered 1,200 feet, making a total of 2,600 feet, or half a mile, which was the distance between the two ships at the time of the first blast.
In my opinion, this distance was too short. It seems obvious that if the S.S. Richelieu found it necessary to stop and reverse her engines within thirty seconds after signalling her intention, the blasts were given too late, and the officers of the crew did not have the necessary time to avoid the peril created by the emergency resulting from the misunderstanding.
It follows that both ships are to blame, and that the responsibility should be apportioned. I believe that the errors of the S.S. Roberval in trying to pass port to port, and her failure to stop her engines in proper time when the danger was imminent, contributed to two-thirds of the accident, and that the S.S. Richelieu should bear one-third of the responsibility for her delay in giving the necessary signals.
The appeal should therefore be allowed and judgment should be entered condemning the S.S. Richelieu to pay one-third of the damages suffered by the S.S. Roberval and the other plaintiffs. The appeal on the counter-claim should also be allowed and the S.S. Roberval should be ordered to pay to the S.S. Richelieu two-thirds of the damages that the latter suffered.
In the lower court, the S.S. Roberval should be entitled to one-third of her costs and the S.S. Richelieu to two-thirds of hers. In this Court, the appellants should have two-thirds of their costs on the main action, and will be entitled to the same proportion of costs on their appeal on the counter-claim.
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The judgment of Kerwin and Rand JJ. was delivered by
Kerwin J.—This is an appeal from a judgment of the District Judge in Admiralty for the Quebec Admiralty District which maintained the action and dismissed the counter-claim. The plaintiffs are the owners of the S.S. Roberval, her master and members of her crew, and the owners of the cargo on board the Roberval. The defendants are the S.S. Richelieu and her owners. The action and the counter-claim arise out of a collision between the two ships in the river St. Lawrence near Three Rivers at about 11.18 p.m. daylight saving time on August 29th, 1942.
The Roberval was proceeding down stream at its full speed of seven knots with a current of approximately two miles per hour. In the vicinity of Three Rivers the regular ship channel divides into two branches and the Roberval was following the north branch. The Richelieu was coming upstream at its full cruising speed of fourteen knots and was below buoy 49C in the ship channel east of the junction of the two branches. The Richelieu intended to proceed by the south branch and, seeing the Roberval, gave two short blasts of its whistle to indicate that it was directing its course to port, and in fact ported. Those on the Roberval say that they heard only one blast, which would indicate that the Richelieu was directing its course to starboard, although those in the wheel-house of the Roberval noticed the alteration of the Richelieu's course to port. Those on the Richelieu, not hearing any immediate answer from the Roberval, stopped their engines. Immediately thereafter the Roberval answered with one blast and thereupon the Richelieu's engines were ordered full speed astern and three blasts of its whistle were given. The collision occurred almost immediately.
The trial judge was assisted by nautical assessors but no mention is made in his judgment as to the views of these assessors, or either of them, and the only place in the record, to which we were directed as indicating that the assessors took any part in the proceedings, was at pages 156, 157. This occurred during the questioning, by the judge, of Leopold Bernier, the second officer on the Richelieu,
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on the point as to what might have caused those on the Roberval to hear only one blast of the Richelieu's whistle. The trial judge found that two blasts had been given but that only one was heard. The only suggestion in his judgment as to why this should be is the condition of the atmosphere but it was a calm night with a light breeze blowing up the river and there appears to be no foundation in the record for the suggestion.
I accept the trial judge's finding that while two blasts of its whistle were given by the Richelieu, those on the Roberval were telling the truth when they said they heard only one. The inevitable result of this, in my opinion, is the conclusion that those on the Roberval were not keeping a proper lookout because, if they were, they would have heard the Richelieu's two blasts. It was contended by the respondents that no signal should have been given by the Richelieu and that, although she wanted to take her usual course up the south branch, she should have waited until the Roberval had passed in front of her. None of the international rules of the road require this to be done. It is quite evident that, if the two ships kept on their courses, there would be a collision. The Richelieu, therefore, ported a little and gave the signal therefor, which in the terms of Article 28 was proper because the ship was taking a course "authorized by the Rules". The interpretation of this word "authorized" given" by Sir Francis Jeune in The Uskmoor[1], was approved by the Court of Appeal in The Anselm[2], and The Aristocrat[3]. What Sir Francis Jeune said was this:—
It has been sought to put a rather narrow interpretation on the rule. Of course the word "required" is clear enough. There are certain things required by the rules to be done. The word "authorized" is, however, very much larger, and I am inclined to think that a large interpretation ought to be given to it, and that it includes any course which, for the safety of the vessels, good seamanship requires to be taken with reference to the other vessel then in sight.
As is pointed out in the ninth edition of Marsden's Collisions at Sea at page 429:—
This definition, it may be observed, covers every course which "good seamanship" requires.
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The trial judge found the Richelieu entirely to blame for the accident for four reasons:—
A.—Le S.S Richelieu a changé sa course sans attendre le résultat de l'échange des signaux; B.—Les signaux du S.S. Richelieu ont été donnés trop tard; C.—S.S. Richelieu a persisté dans sa mauvaise manœuvre, nonobstant le signal donné par le S.S. Roberval et sa course à tribord; D.—Les engins du S.S. Richelieu ont été arrêtés et renversés trop tard.
As to the first, the Richelieu acted properly in stopping its engines when it did not hear any reply to its signal and then in reversing its engines when it did hear the one blast from the Roberval. As to the second, I can find no evidence the Richelieu's signals were given too late and, with respect, there is nothing in the record from which any such inference may be drawn. As to the third, I have already pointed out what was done on the Richelieu and I can find no justification in the suggestion, if that is what is meant, as was argued by the respondents, that the wheel of the Richelieu should have been put to starboard. It appears to me that the collision would have been worse, with possible loss of life, if that had been done. As to the fourth, I am constrained to disagree with the trial judge that the Richelieu had stopped and reversed its engines too late.
As to all of these, it is I think impossible to estimate the precise times that elapsed between the various episodes, such as the sighting of the Roberval by the Richelieu, the giving of the signals, and the collision. It is true that only a short time intervened between the first and the last but whistles are not to be used when ships are a great distance apart as they might easily be mistaken by some other intervening vessels. The truth of the matter is that the Richelieu acted properly at all times and the cause of the collision was the absence of a proper lookout by those on the Roberval. Even then the collision might have been avoided if the Captain of the Roberval, seeing what the Richelieu was actually doing, had altered his course to port and had slowed his engines.
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I would maintain the appeal, dismiss the claim and allow the counter-claim with costs throughout. There may be a reference to the Registrar to fix such damages as may be established by the appellants.
Appeal allowed and judgment appealed from modified.
Counter-claim also allowed in part.
Solicitors for the appellants: Heward, Holden, Hutchison, Cliff, Meredith & Collins.
Solicitor for the respondents: William Morin.